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Coade stone or ''Lithodipyra'' (Ancient Greek (''λίθος''/''δίς''/''πυρά''), "stone fired twice") was stoneware that was often described as an artificial stone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was used for moulding Neoclassical statues, architectural decorations and garden ornaments that were both of the highest quality and remain virtually weatherproof today. Produced by appointment to George III and the Prince Regent, it features on St George's Chapel, Windsor; The Royal Pavilion, Brighton; Carlton House, London; the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and a large quantity was used in the refurbishment of Buckingham Palace in the 1820s.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Eleanor Coade )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Addidi Inspiration Award for Female Entreprenneurs - Eleanor Coade )〕 ''Lithodipyra'' was first created around 1770 by Eleanor Coade who ran ''Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory'', ''Coade and Sealy'', and ''Coade'' in Lambeth, London, from 1769 until her death in 1821,〔〔There is some modern confusion between Eleanor and her mother (Eleanor, Elinore), as to which one ran the factory. This is primarily due to Miss Eleanor Coade's customary use of the title ''Mrs'' because this was a commonplace 'courtesy title' for any unmarried woman in business. However, analysis of the bills shows that Eleanor Coade (daughter) was fully in charge from 1771. (Alison Kelly, Oxford National Dictionary of Biography (ONDB))〕〔Alison Kelly states on page 23 of ''Mrs Coade's Stone'' - "Since mother and daughter had the same name, confusion has reigned over the contribution of each of them to the manufactory. The widow Coade was of course Mrs, and it has been assumed that any mention of Mrs Coade must refer to her. Rupert Gunnis, for instance, believed that the widow ran the factory until her death, in her late eighties, in 1796. What is not generally realised is that women in business, in Georgian times, had the courtesy title of Mrs, So Mrs in the Coade records, normally refers to Miss Coade. Bills were usually headed Eleanor Coade, but two, as early as 1771, for Hatfield Priory, Essex, and 1773, for work at Burton upon Trent Town Hall, were made out to Miss Coade, showing that from the early days she was in charge. The only references which specifically concern the mother are the first two entries for the factory in the Lambeth Poor rate books, when the rate was paid by Widow Coade."〕〔It appears that the modern identity confusion dates from 1951 (or earlier) when Sir Howard Roberts and Walter H. Godfrey published the ''Survey of London: volume 23 - Lambeth: South Bank and Vauxhall'', where inadequate research about the Coade family genealogy lead to both gaps and false conclusions. Typically this state of knowledge was then reiterated by Rupert Gunnis in his 1953 ''Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660-1851''. More recently the 'British History Online' website has given credence to the otherwise excellent Roberts and Godfrey ''Survey of London'' on their prestigious website ((British History.ac.uk )) and some other internet sites have repeated the claims.〕 after which ''Lithodipyra'' continued to be manufactured by her last business partner William Croggon until 1833.〔 The recipe and techniques for producing Coade stone have been rediscovered by the team at Coade ltd. Coade ltd now reproduce a range of Coade sculpture at their workshops in Wilton. ==History== (詳細はLambeth, a site now under the Royal Festival Hall.〔〔(Parks and Gardens. Eleanor Coade - artist in artificial stone. By Timur Tatlioglu. )〕 This business developed into ''Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory'' with Eleanor in charge, such that within two years (1771) she fired Pincot for 'representing himself as the chief proprietor'.〔〔〔(Yale University Library, Coade's Lithodipyra, or, Artificial Stone Manufactory )〕 Mrs Coade did not invent 'artificial stone' - various inferior quality precursors having been both patented and manufactured over the previous forty (or sixty〔) years - but she was probably responsible for perfecting both the clay recipe and the firing process. It is possible that Pincot's business was a continuation of that run nearby by Richard Holt, who had taken out two patents in 1722 for a kind of liquid metal or stone and another for making china without the use of clay, but there were many start-up 'artificial stone' businesses in the early 18th century of which only Mrs Coade's succeeded.〔〔Alison Kelly, Mrs. Coade's stone (1990)〕〔 The company did well, and boasted an illustrious list of customers such as George III and members of the English nobility. In 1799 Mrs Coade appointed her cousin John Sealy (her mother’s sister Mary’s son), already working as a modeller, as a partner in her business,〔(Fairweather, History of Coade stone, Synopsised from original research in ''Mrs Coade's Stone'' by Alison Kelly. )〕 which then traded as 'Coade and Sealy' until his death in 1813 when it reverted to just 'Coade'. In 1799 she opened a show room ''Coade's Gallery'' on ''Pedlar's Acre'' at the Surrey end of Westminster Bridge Road to display her products.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Coade Stone in Georgian Architecture by Alison Kelly )〕 In 1813 Mrs Coade took on William Croggan from Grampound in Cornwall, a sculptor and distant relative by marriage (second cousin once removed). He managed the factory until her death eight years later in 1821〔 whereby he bought the factory from the executors for c. £4000. Croggan supplied a lot of Coade stone for Buckingham Palace; however, he went bankrupt in 1833 and died two years later. Trade declined, and production came to an end in the early 1840s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Coade stone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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